## 3.19Calculated derivatives

The introduction to matrix construction, Sec. 3.5 , described implicit and explicit discretisation of terms in an equation. It concluded that the principal derivatives of that can be treated implicitly — forming matrix coeﬃcients in — are a time derivative, advection and Laplacian.

Terms with other derivatives must be calculated from respective ﬁelds, e.g. from current values of . In Sec. 3.15 , we have described discretisation of a gradient, which is always explicit. This section gathers together the other derivatives found in equations for ﬂuid dynamics and associated models.

### General divergence term

A general divergence term is any term that can be represented by . It excludes the Laplacian term which includes a gradient , and advection which includes .

The discretisation of a general divergence term is an explicit calculation using current values of . It is based on a surface integral using the divergence deﬁnition in Sec. 2.23 as shown below:

 (3.30)
The face value is generally interpolated from cell values using the linear scheme. Terms discretised using this scheme include in Eq. (2.45 ), a divergence of stress , etc.

### Curl of a vector

The curl derivative is calculated from the gradient and applying the Hodge dual operator given by Eq. (2.40 ) using the following relation:

 (3.31)
In other words, is discretised according to a scheme from Sec. 3.15 , from which is calculated by Eq. (3.31 ).